Women in Prison an Example by

Women in Prison The rate of convicted women has rapidly increased since 1980 ("Fact sheet: Women in Prison", 2006). Forgery and illegal use of credit are the two most common crimes ("Women in Prison"). There are also cases of theft and handling of stolen goods (Tchaikovsky, 2007). On the other hand, self-defense has been the main reason why women commit violent crimes such as killing their partners ("Women in Prison"). Need essay sample on "Women in Prison" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Inside prison, some committed suicide while others suffer from mental illnesses. There are also reported cases of sexual assault like rape among women by guards and staffs. According to the Bureau of Justice (2006), 47% are abused in state prisons and 39% sexually abused. There are also cases of HIV/AIDS infection which is greater in women than men with 3.6% and 2% in 2000 respectively ("Fact sheet: Women in Prison", 2006). Among these women, majority are African-American and suffering from longer terms than whites ("Women in Prison"). There are many considerable effects of imprisonment among women such as lost of communication with their family; children are left behind, and inmates suffering from mental illnesses and sexual abuse. These are just some of the issues that the government should act upon. In addressing these issues, projects and campaigns are established. Women in Prison Project, established in 1991, is one of the successful implementing bodies which protect women and their families. The Project conducts public education, manages a training program form former inmates, and coordinates with other organizations as well. The Project aims on helping inmates maintain their communication with their families, monitor the issues and problems of women, and help them to be a productive citizen of the society. The project has accomplished publishing a report about the issues faced by women, distributing a manual that analyzes the results of imprisonment of women and is planning to develop more programs as well ("Women in Prison Project", 2007). WORKS CITED Fact sheet: Women in Prison. (2006). Tchaikovsky, C. (2007). Women in Prison.Women in Prison. Women in Prison Project. (2007). Women in prison an Example by Women in prison Crime does not pay. Those who commit crimes must suffer or endure the consequences of their actions. For every wrong act, there should be a corresponding corrective method. This is supposedly the purpose of correctional facilities. The criminal justice system is supposed to assist those who have done wrong to become better citizens and people. At the same time, the said system is meant to show repeat offenders that they cannot simply get away with it. Sadly though, correctional facilities have failed to live up to their purpose. Instead of helping the inmates become better, they have only served as housing for those who have committed crime, no matter how grave or petty. Need essay sample on "Women in prison" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed There is a need to revamp the criminal justice system and correction system most especially with their treatment of women. Today, the prison population of women has grown drastically. Women are the fastest growing segment of prisoners. In California alone, the number of women who are housed in correctional facilities has grown by 850% between 1980 and 1999. (Ogden, 61) This means that their needs cannot be ignored any longer. The most important change that must be made is to remove the prison-industrial complex. This is a system wherein prisons are not merely facilities devoted to correctional causes or purposes. Instead, prisons are used as a source of cheap labor. The prisoners serve as laborers and commercial establishments take advantage of prisoners because it will greatly lower their production costs. This is truly a sad state of correctional facilities in the country. Prisoners become raw materials as companies who build the facilities generate more profit as more prisoners are sent to jail. (Ogden, 63) Even the government is part of this system since the more people they send to jail, the more facilities they need to build. In turn, this creates more jobs. (Smith) The prison-industrial complex defeats the primary purpose of the prison. Instead of providing inmates with opportunities to grow, improve themselves, and realize and learn from their mistakes, this system plunges them to what seems like modern day slavery. (Smith, 106) Women in prisons today are mostly underprivileged. Most of them are either African-Americans or Native Americans. White women make up only a small portion of their population. Moreover, most women in prison come from the lower socio-economic classes. Such statistics point to the prevailing fact that the prison system is greatly biased against those from lower classes. Intersectionality, which refers to the combination of two or more forms of discrimination greatly affects women in the prison system. Since women of color make up majority of women inmates, they experience harsher treatment because of two primary factors, their color or race and their gender. Discrimination based on color combined with discrimination based on gender makes prison life all the more harder for women. For instance, Ogden wrote of how she all her earning from working while in prison was not enough to pay for her necessities as a woman such as those she needs for personal care. Pregnant inmates also are not given the proper care and attention as what Smith wrote. This is because prisons are primarily male-centered institutions. This means that the prison facilities cater to men only. Prison guards are mostly male even in facilities that are meant for women. This increases the chance of abuse and harassment for the inmates. Due to the increasing number of women being sent to prison, there is a need to build facilities that better suit the needs of women inmates. Personal care supplies should be made available to inmates for these are necessities not mere luxuries. Also, the guards of such facilities must be women. This will lessen the risk of sexual abuse and harassment for the inmates. For pregnant women, proper care should be provided. In general, women in prisons should be treated as human beings. They should be provided with sufficient access to their necessities. Some may say that prisoners should not be provided special treatment. Some may even suggest that they should be made to suffer the consequences of their actions. However, this is not the point of correctional facilities. Punishment and suffering cannot and will not help inmates improve themselves. Instead of punishing them with a hard life, correctional facilities should focus on giving inmates the chance to realize their mistakes and learn from them. Another important point to make is that most inmates come from impoverished families. Poverty is often the reason why most of them are led to a life of crime. Most of those who are in prison turned to drugs because of poverty. As Ogden (62) wrote, The majority are in prison for economic and drug-related crimes. With such being the case, correctional facilities should focus on providing inmates with vocational and technical training. Such training will equip them with necessary skills that will allow them to move up in the socio-economic ladder. Having such skills will prevent them from turning to crime again since they finally will be given a chance to overcome poverty after they leave the walls of prison. Finally, the criminal justice system should review the law on mandatory minimum sentence. This regulation requires that people committed for certain crimes must receive a prison sentence. This law requires reconsideration because some sentences are unnecessary. These recommendations may not be agreeable with some people. However, when considering the problems that the women in correctional facilities face, these recommendations will greatly alleviate their suffering with the criminal justice system. Work Cited Ogden, Stormy. The Prison-Industrial Complex in Indigenous California. In Global Lockdown: Race, Gender, and the Prison-Industrial Complex. Julia Sudbury, Julia Chinyere Oparah. Routledge, 2005. pp 57-65. Smith, Kemba. Modern Day Slavery: Inside the Prison-Industrial Complex. In Global Lockdown: Race, Gender, and the Prison-Industrial Complex. Julia Sudbury, Julia Chinyere Oparah. Routledge, 2005. pp 105-107.

Theses as to what drives women to partake in crime

Theses as to what drives women to partake in crime The society, in which we live, is composed of many rules and values. Gender roles are no exception. These so-called 'roles' have been in existence throughout the centuries. As children, we are taught what is appropriate conduct for boys and girls. Boys are taught to be aggressive and masculine, while girls are taught to be passive and feminine. From day one, women are taught to conform to such feminine expectations. Although men provide more of a menace to society, women are instructed how to behave.A good woman is to be a wife and a mother. The majority of women accept theses prescribed roles in life; however, there are some that refuse to conform. As women become more liberated in the modern day world, and more involved in full time jobs, the chances of them getting involved in types of crimes for which their jobs provide them with, increase. Some occupations such as bank managers, stock brokers, etc.Criminal Activityprovide greater opportunities for criminal activities.As women ga in liberation and assume traditional male roles in society, they begin to assert themselves in male ways such as acting aggressively, being pushy and hardheaded. More and more women rebel against social inferiority and, aggressively pursue masculine goals of success and power. They learn to use crime as a short-cut to success. Economic pressures combined with increasing numbers of female headed households, lead women to seek benefits of criminal activity as alternatives to hard work.Today women are more likely to become partners and entrepreneurs in crime than in the past. Traditionally women played subservient roles in the crime scene. They worked under the direction of men such as pimps, for example. Mostly their job was to entice victims, keep look-out, carry loot and provide cover. Women's participation in white collar crime like fraud,

5 Types of Awkward Wording to Avoid

5 Types of Awkward Wording to Avoid 5 Types of Awkward Wording to Avoid 5 Types of Awkward Wording to Avoid By Mark Nichol The following five sentences demonstrate various ways a carelessly worded or constructed sentence can fail to communicate the intended idea. A discussion and a revision follows each example. 1. There is a danger of overreaction and a rush to implement poorly thought through laws and regulations. Because the phrase â€Å"thought through† modifies â€Å"laws and regulations,† it should be hyphenated, but that phrasal adjective is awkward, partly because it’s difficult to say and especially because of the similarity of appearance of the constituent words. In such cases, seek one or more words that convey the same idea: â€Å"There is a danger of overreaction and a rush to implement poorly conceived laws and regulations.† 2. The consultant submitted a compliance risk mitigation plan. A string of nouns used as adjectives to modify another noun is grammatically correct (when properly hyphenated, which this example is not) but cumbersome. When more than two or three adjectives appear together like this, unpack the sentence and start over again, beginning with the target noun and using prepositions between the adjectives to relax the statement: â€Å"The consultant submitted a plan to mitigate compliance risk.† 3. That person is the chief ombudsman, which we use here to refer to the department’s director. The dependent clause implies that what is â€Å"used† here is the person, rather than the phrase used to designate that person. The sentence must be revised to clarify that here, â€Å"chief ombudsman† is a description of a person, not the person himself or herself: â€Å"That person is the chief ombudsman, the designation we use here to refer to the department’s director.† 4. We understand that all organizations are unique and can help you with your specific challenges. As constructed, this sentence erroneously suggests that all organizations are unique and that all organizations can help you with your specific challenges. The intended meaning, however, is that the company represented by the writer understands that all organizations are unique; in addition, the company can help the targeted reader with specific challenges. To clarify this distinction, the sentence must be divided into two independent clauses, each of which addresses one of the two distinct points: â€Å"We understand that all organizations are unique, and we can help you with your specific challenges.† 5. While reacting to unexpected surprises and being able to put out fires are essential at times, these capabilities are not sufficient for managing a company in a volatile market. In conversational writing, though and while are interchangeable as conjunctions, but it is best to reserve each word to mean â€Å"despite the fact that,† and â€Å"during the time that† respectively; otherwise, readers might misread the beginning of a sentence or phrase starting with while, thinking that the statement pertains to simultaneous events (â€Å"While [someone was] reacting to [something, something else occurred]†): â€Å"Though reacting to unexpected surprises and being able to put out fires are essential at times, these capabilities are not sufficient for managing a company in a volatile market.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know50 Idioms About Fruits and VegetablesWhile vs. Whilst

Nonverbal behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nonverbal behavior - Essay Example According to the taxonomy of different types of touching, Heslin and Alper (1983) have provided individuals with explanations as to what touch behavior entails. Based on the taxonomy, the messages communicated carry different meanings, which extend from less personal touch to touch that is more personal (Knapp and Horgan 238). In this case, I will emphasize on the warmth/friendship type of touch behavior. From my experience with this type of touch behavior, I have understand the need to extend my closeness to other people. Nonetheless, other people may misunderstand this type of touch behavior increasing discomfort. Understanding the different kinds of touch behavior has the potential of boosting an individual’s knowledge to interpret the messages portrayed. The taxonomy by Heslin and Alper (1983) explains how touch behavior is understood based on personal interactions. For instance, as Arabs living in the U.S., we practice our own unique touch behavior. When we meet with our colleagues, we fancy handshakes and chest kissing. On the contrary, non-Arabs misunderstand this practice by considering it as inappropriate and aggressive when practiced towards them. Furthermore, it may indicate intimate relationship, which is annoying for the Arabs. In my case, I have started feeling uncomfortable with this practice, as I do not want my non-Arab colleagues to misunderstand me based on the relationship I have developed with people of my

Demonstrative Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Demonstrative Communication - Essay Example This research will begin with the definition of communication as a form of interaction through which individuals send and receive messages amongst themselves and there must be a sender and a receiver for it to take place. Over the past centuries, humans have come up with other ways to communicate through not only written text and spoken words but symbols, colors and body language among others. One form of communication is demonstrative communication, which mainly involves nonverbal and unwritten communication such as tone of voice, facial expression, and body language among others. Krueger posits that nonverbal communication is communicating without words but through various channels. Mostly, nonverbal communication is associated with body language, but the truth is, it also involves facial movements and vocal feature. In most cases, individuals tend to communicate non-verbally through body language and facial expressions. For instance, some people perceive yawning or stretching arms as a sign of tiredness. Demonstrative communication involves non-verbal and unwritten communications and facial expressions are the most popular among all forms of nonverbal communication. Facial expressions and body movements enable individuals to successfully communicate with those around them. Sometimes, demonstrative communication reinforces verbal communication in that, dressing appropriately tells a lot about the speaker especially during a presentation.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of youth justice policies in England and Wales since 1997 Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of youth justice policies in England and Wales since 1997 Essay Introduction When Labour took office in 1997 they claimed that they would be tough on crime and the causes of crime. The first 6 months were unprecedented, with six consultation documents being released on youth and crime each containing its own proposals these were first published in Tackling Youth Crime, Reforming Youth Justice (Labour 1996). To start this essay I will first discuss Labours 1997 White Paper, No more excuses: A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales, where policy was laid out and then later legislated in The Crime and Disorder Act 1998. From this I will evaluate the weaknesses and strengths of the various elements of this policy which will include the aims of the youth justice system. Then in the second part move to evaluate the abolition of the doli incapax, the reparation order and parenting order. Thirdly I will evaluate the child safety order, local child curfew, final warning scheme, action plan order. The fourth part will be an evaluation of the detention and training order and new arrangements for secure remands of 12-16 year olds. And finally the establishment of the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, Youth Offending Teams and the duties of the local authorities and other agencies to make sure the availability of the appropriate youth justice services. And then finally bring all my findings together to produce a clear and comprehensive conclusion; which I believe has many strengths and some weaknesses. The Labour governments 1997 White paper, No more excuses: A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales is a document which sets out labours programme of reform for the youth justice system in England and Wales, it aims are a clear strategy to prevent offending and re-offending, that offenders, and their parents, face up to their offending behaviour and take responsibility for it, earlier, more effective intervention when young people first offend, faster, more efficient procedures from arrest to sentence, partnership between all youth justice agencies to deliver a better, faster system Home Office (1997). According to the Home Office (1997) the aim of the youth justice system is to prevent offending by young people. And the Crime and Disorder Bill has in it a requirement that it is the duty of all people working in the youth justice system to uphold these. The requirement covers all the youth justice agencies in England and Wales like the police, social services the probation services and others working in the Youth Offending Teams, the Crown prosecution service, defence solicitors, the prison services and courts and the way they deal with young adults. The claim is that this will provide unity between them all and that everyone is striving for the same purpose. The government will also complement this with a new proposal for a new Youth Justice Board for England and Wales who will give advice on how to set standards and how to monitor performance. Also this will not take over or supersede practitioners previous roles, but will support them to understand their actions and choices when they deal with young people this can help to stop offending and can prevent avoidable delays; such as the chances of offending when awaiting sentence can be reduced, also making young people responsible for their own behaviours which can help youths understand and change their behaviours. Also community and custodial penalties whose priorities are on the causes of offending which can be enforced can help. This duty that has been stated is a clear strength bringing the various agencies and services in the same line and having one clear aim of what the task ahead is this also eliminates any confusion that might have existed. The government according to the Home Office (1997) proposes that an aim of youth justice system and the duty discussed previously and their practitioners would be supported by more complete, non statutory objectives for these agencies. These would support the proposals made by Jack Straws Youth Justice Task Force which is a variety of people and groups that have a high knowledge of the system and have now issues of victims and representatives of the governmental departments. The Task Force stated their recommendations for preventing offending which were, a speedy administration of justice so that the accused matter can be sorted out quickly, confronting offenders with the consequences of their actions, for themselves their families, victims and their communities. Punishment which reflects the seriousness and the persistence of the offending. Also to support reparation to victims by the offenders and to strengthen the responsibilities of parents and to help offenders to fix their problems and to build a sense of the personal self. This is also strength as all involved have a good knowledge of the problems and the system and would be a good resource to the system to have. And also what the Task Force has recommended is also a good step forward as it is these that have stopped the system from being efficient. Moving onto the abolition of the doli incapax the reparation order and parenting order. The doli incapax according to Muncie (2009:275) In England and Wales, children fewer than 10 could not be found guilty of a criminal offence, and the law for many years believed that those under 14 were incapable of criminal intent. But during the 1990s the doli incapax, which had been in the law since the 14th century, was being challenged by both the right and the left. This was due to the Bulger case, the policy was put under review by the conservatives after the 1994 High Court ruling. Three years later it was abolished in the Crime and Disorder Act, the reasons given for this were so that they could convict young offenders who wreaked havoc on communities this was based on the fact that they believed that 10 and 13 year olds could capable of knowing between right and wrong. This was against what the UN had recommended for The UK which they had made in 1995 then 2002 to come in line with the rest of Europe but the government went totally in the other direction. They gave no direction to the courts and to the youth offending teams that overall child welfare is the main consideration. This is a weakness as it contradicts what Labour had said in there White Paper, and the fact that the YOTs would be confused with conflicting policies. This legislation manages not to take the childs age into consideration and this can be seen just by looking at the rest of Europe are the children in the UK not the same. The reparation order is for young adults to understand the cost of their actions and to take responsibility for them. What is asked is that they repair the damage caused directly to the victim through mediation if they both agree or to the community indirectly cleaning up graffiti and other tasks around the community. This would be managed by the YOT, this can be a real strength in the rehabilitation process giving something back to the victims and the community and being able to see the damage they have caused helping to change their lives around. Also the parenting order which has been stated by the Home Office (1997) to be created so that it can give support to parents so they can control their children. The order requires parents attend a counselling or guidance session once a week for 3 months and if the courts think that it is needed then a requirement to make sure that children attend school and to see that they get home on a certain time. This is also a strength as it forces parents to be responsible as some parents let their children do what they want to and so this is a good way of making parents act so that they can help their children from offending. Now moving onto the child safety order, which according to the Home Office (1997) has been developed to safeguard children who are under ten where there is risk that these children will be involved in crime or signs of anti social behaviour can be seen. This could be available to local authorities in the family proceeding court. A court would be able to make a child stay at home at a certain time or ban them from going to certain places. They could also stop certain behaviours like truanting; this could also be combined with a parenting order. And if these are not obeyed then the local authority can start proceedings. The strength of this is a the combination of the two orders as it can be most effective this way by handing responsibility 2 both parent and child giving maximum results. Then there is the Local child curfew which is for the Childs own good and to stop neighbourhood crime and disorder and states that children should not be out without supervision at night. This can be used by the local authorities and police but they would have to get permission from the Home secretary. Also the council could then bar children under 10 from certain public places after certain times. These can last for up to 90 days and if these are to be extended then police and local community. The strength of this is that it involves the local community so determining whats best for the members of their own community. Then there is the final warning where the Home Office (1997) has replaced the cautioning with a statuary police reprimand, what happens is that the police can decide to reprimand a child and give them a final warning or to bring criminal charges to the offender. What then happens is a community intervention programme is forced which makes the offender and his family address the causes this behaviour which can help solve the problem. What the final warning entails is that the first offence the offender can receive a reprimand by the police if the crime is not that serious and if it carries on then a another final warning or criminal charges can be pressed. But on no grounds must 2 final warnings be given. The strength of this is that it lets the offender know that they will be strict and will not put up with it again a final warning is a final warning. Also an action plan order which is like a community penalty for young offenders, this is a small, rigorous programme where community intervention is used combined with punishment and rehabilitation so that the offenders behaviour can be changed and more crime can be stopped. The strength in this lies in the way that it uses various methods simultaneously like community intervention, punishment and rehabilitation which can only increase the chances of success. Moving onto and new arrangements for secure remands of 12-16 year olds. The Home office (1997) state that the government should have undeniable powers to remand to secure accommodation. For young people who are of the age 10-16 and are awaiting trial. And so The Criminal Justice Act 1991 and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 included in its provisions to amend the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 which was to allow courts to remand 12-16 years olds directly to secure local authority accommodation with certain conditions. But this was not put into operation. The conservatives had started a building programme which was for 170 new local authority secure places, there completion date was 1998. But Labour said that these would be not enough. And so declared to use the Crime and Disorder Bill to implement court ordered remand power on some groups of youths. Priority would be gives to 12-14s then girls of the age 15 and 16 and also boys of that age when places become available. This is due to courts believing that these children are vulnerable and they are emotionally and physically immature and so there is a danger that they could harm themselves, this is also strength as it recognises that they are still young but this also does contradict other policies in this White Paper which it does on many levels. Also detention and training orders, these will give powers the Home Office (1997) states can be used for 10-17 year olds and courts can use these only if it is a very serious crime and if they are persistent offenders and the court believes it is needed to protect the public. This will also added to 10-11 year olds but would only be permitted by parliament if seen to be needed. The length of the sentence will be divided, half of it will be in custody and half in community supervision and this also could be adjusted if good behaviour is seen. This is a good as it does not just impose a detention where by this can harden the youth and in some cases lead to further crimes but with the community supervision would let the offender know that they have been given a chance to mend their ways. Then Maguire, Morgan and Reiner (2002:560) discuss Labours new youth justice which is the forming of the Youth Justice Board (YJB) and the Youth offending Teams (YOTs); and also what takes place through this legislation is a restructure of non custodial penalties in the youth court. So considering Labours main aim of having a youth justice system which prevents offending by children and young adults, the way labour went about this is to impose order from the centre. There tools to enable this was a catalogue of legislations, also the then Home secretary Jack Straw formed a youth justice task force the aim of this was to keep a tight link with all the other agencies involved with young offenders. Due to the section 41 of the Crime Disorder Act the YJB had turned into a non departmental public body which was then sponsored by the Home Office. The job of the YJB was to monitor the running of the youth justice system and the provision of the youth justice services and also the national standards and establishing the right performance measures. What also the 1998 Act made possible was for the home secretary to give the board more powers which included the YJB becoming the commissioning body of all the placements that are under 18 in a secure facility on remand or have a sentence from the courts. The YJB was also given control over commissioning places including prison services YOTs, secure training centres (STCs) and local authority secure units. This is also strength as it brings together all the agencies under one roof you could say and so the aims are understood by all and are the same this can only help. This brings me to managerialism, the reason the YJB and the YOTs were set up in the first place was because according to Muncie (2009:297) investigations from the Public Accounts Committee, Audit commission and the National Audit Office recommended and supported subjugating professional skills independent managerial ideals of what works, which could attach certain resources to credible and successful outcomes and which could initiate responsibility to law and order from a central state to a sequence of semi independent local partnerships which will include privatized bodies and voluntary agencies. Words such as individual need, rehabilitation, reformation, penal purpose and due process are replaced by techniques of classification and actuarialism, risk assessment and resource management changes all the earlier understanding of law and order from understanding motivations of crime to making crime bearable through universal coordination. This is a total difference from earlier ways and managerial system is thought to lower the standard or expectations of what a government can achieve in the youth justice system. This to me is a weakness as it is being run like a business which always has its priorities in cost and reduction, but also I can see strengths to as it can be more efficiently run with professionals running it with the right knowledge. The Act also contained anti social behaviour orders. Muncie (2009:317) explains that they are usually refer to a variety of things such as youths that hang out causing trouble making a nuisance of them and to their neighbours, making noise, vandalising property, littering, and causing graffiti to public property and drunkenness. This has been a priority in England and Wales, the key to New Labour was to strengthen the ability of the criminal justice system so they could treat disorder and the lack of respect but serious crimes too as it was clear that disorder was rising and was affecting neighbourhoods and also that it was a sign of times to come more serious crimes. The police and courts were said to be powerless against the nuisance and the anti social behaviour that was being caused and that this was being mixed in with impunity. Second at the centre was a program and wish not just to reduce crime and disorder, but to encourage a process of civil renewal and civic responsibility. Third the broken windows theory was taken aboard a it was believed that a failure to accept zero tolerance policing of lesser serious offending and signs of disorder could only further destroy already deprived and marginalized communities. The Anti social behaviour order (ASBO) was the flagship of New Labour in their 1998 Crime and Disorder Act. Muncie (2009:318) explains that this is a civil not a criminal order and can be given by the police and local authority to anyone that is over 10 years of age whose behaviour can cause alarm, distress or even harassment. The minimum time an order can last is two years. But if you breach the order it will be treated as a criminal offence and the punishment for this can be up to two years in prison for juveniles and five years for adults. Certain local authorities went even further and started to experiment with Acceptable Behaviour Contracts (ABCs) which were for even lower levels of behaviours and for lower ages those below for ten years of age. And if they are given an order then they must agree and to take steps to correct their behaviour, the steps will be decided by local youth offending team (YOT) and their parents must also agree on the steps. Initially when the ASBO was introduced it was said that it was for adults that were nuisances to their neighbours, but this statement was later changed and became for young people and areas that high crime rates became the targets of this order. The Home office review, 58% were made on under 18 year olds and a further 16% on those aged between 18 and 21. There are certain steps in this that are positive but to me there are inherent weaknesses to, like to give anti social behaviour order and lock youths in their houses and stop them from going into certain locations can work but does not address the real problem, and Labour could try and find the cause of these problems as this to me is just breeding further adult criminals and as we have seen lately getting an ASBO is something t o show off so demoralising it entirely. So to conclude I have found that Labour have a lot of strengths in their Youth Policy but have inherent weaknesses which stem from various contradictions in the policy. The strength that I have found are first of all is the duty that has been put into the legislation, which brings various agencies and services together, which unifies them and sets a main agenda that all must adhere to as it is in the legislation to follow the duty and eliminates any confusion that might have existed, and another strength is to support these by the task force which comprises of professionals and people in the field that can offer the best advice. Also the reparation order is a strength as it forces parents to be responsible as some parents let their children do what they want to and so this is a good way of making parents act so that they can help their children from offending and make them responsible. Then the child safety order, the strength of this is a the combination of the two orders as it can be most effective this way by handing responsibility 2 both parent and child giving maximum results. Then the local child curfews strength lies in the way it involves the local community so determining whats best for the members of their own community. Then there is the final warning where the strength in this lies in the way that it uses various methods simultaneously like community intervention, punishment and rehabilitation which can only increase the chances of success. Which brings me to secure remands of 12-16 year olds which is also a strength as it recognises that they are still young but this also does contradict other policies in this White Paper which it does on many levels, the detention training programme has strength because it does not just impose a detention where by this can harden the youth and in some cases lead to a life of crime but with the community supervision would let the offender know that they have been given a chance to mend their ways. The forming of the YOTs and YJB is strength as it brings together all the agencies under one roof you could say, and so the aims are understood by all and are the same this can only help, and managerialism is strength as it can be more efficiently run with professionals in charge. Now I will just conclude my findings of the weaknesses which are; the abolition of the doli incapax to me is a weakness as it manages not to take the childs age into consideration and this can be seen just by looking at the rest of Europe, are the children in the UK not the same. Another weakness is the ASBO to lock youths in their houses and stop them from going into certain locations can work but does not address the real problem, and Labour could try and find the cause of these problems as this to me is just breeding further adult criminals and as we have seen lately getting an ASBO is something to be proud off and to show off so demoralising the order entirely. There are strengths and weaknesses in this policy but I have found the strengths outweigh the weaknesses. Bibliography Home Office, (1997), White Paper, No More Excuses: A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales Muncie, J. (2009), Youth and Crime, 3rd edition, London, Sage publications Maguire, M. Morgan, R and Reiner, R. (2002), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Goldson, B. Muncie, J. (2006), Youth Crime and Justice, London, Sage Publications Baldock, J. Manning, N. and Vickerstaff, S. (2007), Social Policy, 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

The Watergate Scandal :: President Richard Nixon

Watergate Burglary Thesis: Governor Willie Starkie surrounded himself with people that were crooked, just like President Richard Nixon. The people who were in charge of getting Nixon elected did what was necessary to get Nixon elected. I. Watergate first break in occurred on May 28, 1972. A. The burglars made and attempt to unscrew a lock. B. The burglars were after trash. II. Watergate's second break in occurred on June 7, 1972. A. The burglars came back and broke into a safe, stealing cash and checks. III. Watergate's third break in occurred on June 18, 1972. A. The burglar’s last visit to the Watergate was to place the bugging devices. B. The burglar’s last visit results in exposure. Watergate Burglary Governor Willie Starkie surrounded himself with people that were crooked, just like President Richard Nixon. The people who were in charge of getting Nixon elected did what was necessary to get Nixon elected. The Watergate is home of the National Democratic Committee. This is where the scandal occurred that would eventually lead to Nixon’s resigning of the Presidency. During the first break in, we do not really know what the burglar’s full intentions were. What we do know is that between 11 p.m. and 8 a.m. on May 28, 1972, the burglars had attempted to unscrew a lock on a door that would allow access to the National Democratic Committee office. The burglars never gained access because they got nervous regarding the presence of the security officers. There is some thought that the burglars were after negative information that could be used against Nixon’s opponent (â€Å"5 held in Plot to Bug Democrats’ office† par. 28). On June 7, 1972, the Watergate was broken into for the second time. The break in occurred about 9 p.m. The burglars had reportedly broken into and stolen money and checks out of a safe. The money and checks were supposed to go to the election campaign for the Democratic presidency race (â€Å"5 held in Plot to Bug Democrats’ office† par. 31). Sunday, June 18, 1972, five burglars broke into the Watergate for the third time. Their main mission this time was to bug the office complex. This mission would end in failure because of the tape. A twenty-four year old guard noticed that a door connecting a stairwell with the hotel’s basement garage had been taped so it would not lock. The guard removed the tape from the door. Ten minutes later, the guard came back and found a new piece had been put on the door, and he immediately called the police.

Control pollution Essay

Whether cars should be banned in all town centres is a complicated issue, and one which many people have strong feelings about. There are some reasons why cars should be banned. Firstly, it would reduce pollution greatly, which is especially important since town centres always consist of tall buildings and narrow spaces which often hold the pollution in one spot. Secondly, with less traffic there would be fewer accidents, and hence society would save money because of reduced medical expenses. Finally, with no cars in town centres there would be no need for large, ugly car parks and parking spaces. This would allow more space for buildings, houses, parks and the movement of buses and people, which could enhance a city greatly. However, there are some reasons why cars should not be banned. Firstly, it would make it very difficult for many people to travel to work. Most people would have to use public transport (trains and buses) which may become overcrowded and unable to cope with the additional commuters*. Secondly, many people prefer cars because of the freedom it gives them, so banning cars would not be popular, and hence very difficult to implement* since few politicians would support the idea. Finally, cars are sometimes necessary to travel to parts of a city where public transport does not go. Cars are a more flexible transport, especially for the elderly or sick (or lazy). In my opinion, cars should be restricted from town centres but only during peak hours. It would be impractical and impossible to ban cars completely because they are such an essential part of modern city living, however the problems of pollution and traffic congestion must be reduced. This solution is not perfect but the best we can do, and infact is done already in some major cities like Melborn in Australia.

Feminist View on Society

Feminist views on society; Feminists believe that society is male dominated (patriarchal). Feminists want women and men to have equal rights and powers as there is inequality between the two sexes. They look at society on a macro scale so the ideas are generalised to the whole of society. Feminists also believe that society is based on disagreement and conflict between the sexes as women believe they have been disadvantaged in society.Liberal feminists believe that men and women are becoming more equal in society, and that the inequality between men and women was caused due to sexist laws and the differences in socialisation. They believe that in order abolish feminism people need to be brought up differently and all sexist laws need to be gotten rid of. Marxist feminists believe that women are still unequal in society and that women are there to benefit capitalism by being unpaid housewives. They look on the family in a negative and critical way as they feel this is what caused thei r oppression along with capitalism.As they gave up work to take care of children and had housework responsibilities, thus becoming dependent on their husbands for money and everything else. Marxist feminists believe that in order for there to be equality between the sexes capitalism needs to be abolished and replaced with a communist society. Radical feminists also believe that men and women are still unequal in society and that men benefit more from family life. They believe that they are exploited by men and the patriarchal society. Some radical feminists believe that the solution is separation.Feminism does have some criticism’s for example they tend to overlook the fact that the general position of women in society has changed over time and this can only be explained in terms of economic and political changes in society. They also fail to understand that fundamentally society is unequal in its economic and social structure, and that equal opportunity is a fairly meaningle ss concept as society is divided by class and economic exploitation. Women as well as working class men are at an economic disadvantage.

Path to the Civil War essays

Path to the Civil War essays The Civil War or the American Civil War, which is sometimes referred to as the war between the states, the war of rebellion, or the war for southern independence, is a war that left a big impact in History. Not only did this war take over 600,000 lives, it also ruined property valued at $5 billion dollars. However, this war was an important war for the future, it put an ending to slavery and freed over 4 million black or African American slaves. In 1819, Missouri wanted to join the Union, although in the North, as a slave state. In it, it would make the balance of power in the Congress unequal. Many Northerners were opposed to the idea. Northerners in Congress refused to pass the bill, therefore proposed that Missouri be a slave state, and that no more slaves were to be brought in and all slaves would be free at the age of 25, so Missouri would become a Free State. Southerners were opposed to the idea brought up by Northerners. The Congress was in debate for many months. Henry Clay proposed that Maine enter the Union as a Free State. Also, prohibiting slavery north of the 36- 30-degree latitude, longitude line, and the southern boundary of Missouri. The South agreed since plantations would not be able to thrive further North of that line, many concerned Americans thought that the slavery issue would be resolved. First in 1828, a tariff was passed to help try to protect New England Manufactures. The tariff was as high as 45% to 50% of the original European price. Opponents of the tariff called it the "Tariff of Abomination". Southerners were opposed to the tariff because they exported cotton and other materials to Europe, in exchange European goods were imported to America. Southerners claimed it was an indirect tax on their region of the United States. Southerners began to ask for states right. South Carolina even went as far as to ask for the tariff taken off the books or they would su...

3 Cases of Not Only . . . but Also Variations

3 Cases of Not Only . . . but Also Variations 3 Cases of Not Only . . . but Also Variations 3 Cases of Not Only . . . but Also Variations By Mark Nichol Sentences that employ the â€Å"not only . . . but also† counterpoint (as in â€Å"I visited not only France but also Spain†) can confound writers, who often fail to apply logical syntax when using this construction. As shown in the examples below, such confusion often occurs in similarly posed statements. Discussion and revision of each sentence explains and illustrates coherent use of related constructions. 1. The idea was not to just construct a new arena, but one that would nod to the roots of the game. Just occupies the same role as only in a â€Å"not only . . . but also† counterpoint, and the principle is the same- when a verb applies to both the â€Å"not only† proposition and the â€Å"but also† proposition, the verb must precede â€Å"not only†: â€Å"The idea was to construct not just a new arena but also one that would nod to the roots of the game.† (Also, note that in this example as well as in the others, internal punctuation is not required to set off the two parts of the sentence.) 2. The above principles are not intended to prescribe specific reporting practices, but rather offer sound direction for the board and management to pursue. Here, as in a â€Å"not only . . . but also† construction of this type, the verb supports both elements of the not/rather counterpoint, so it must precede, not follow, not: â€Å"The above principles are intended not to prescribe specific reporting practices but rather to offer sound direction for the board and management to pursue.† 3. It’s not simply deciding how good or bad an individual playing card is, but rather how consistently the player manages his or her appetite to win and his or her tolerance for losing. This sentence does not have a â€Å"not only . . . but also† counterpoint, but it requires a similar construction to make sense. Because simply implies addition, not replacement, also should replace rather, and the second part of the sentence requires a verb equivalent to deciding: â€Å"It’s not simply deciding how good or bad an individual playing card is but also determining how consistently the player manages his or her appetite to win and his or her tolerance for losing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesDeck the HallsQuiet or Quite?

SKL 3A1 Business Study Skills Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SKL 3A1 Business Skills - Case Study Example The Report is written by (Your NAME) for the purpose of evaluation of Samsung’s strategy and provide recommendations for further improvement in its strategy. The report is intended to be used by the business Analyst, John Deen for information purposes only. This report is issued on November 16, 2013 and is valid only for the purpose described. 2. Procedures This report is based on secondary research and contains information from books, news articles, online journals and websites. The claims are supported with the sources used. 3. Findings Samsung is no longer a small player in the business environment. Samsung has earned its name in the biggest players of the electronics industry over a period of time. However, the recent boom signals some clear and clever strategic moves by the company. Samsung is competing by providing a wider range of products than its competitors. Samsung is a South Korean multinational corporation with its head office in Seoul. Lee Byun-Chul laid the foun dation of Samsung in 1938 (Peng, 2012). The company moved towards the electronic industry in the late 1960s and after Lee Byung-Chul passed away, the company was divided into groups including CJ Group, Hansol Group, Shinsegae Group and Samsung Group. Samsung group flourished and is still growing its profits steadily since 1990. Despite the success stories of Samsung, the credibility of Samsung’s strategy in the long run is questionable. Is Samsung taking too much risk to avail first-movers advantage or does it have a clearly defined and thoroughly designed strategy for investing in newer technologies to capture, increase and retain its market share? 3.1 Samsung’s Strategy Samsung uses a multidimensional competitive strategy with differentiation and rapid response strategies as the core of its success in the business industry. Samsung is more likely to create and introduce newer technologies and innovative products in minimal possible time. The products of Samsung under different categories are quickly designed and produced with an effective supply chain management to support the success of its products. The company is continuously investing in the unique product offerings (Nisen 2013). 3.2 Response Strategy Samsung has a clearly defined and well thought strategy working underneath the operations that are carried out regularly. Samsung’s note is a living example of how Samsung identifies and accommodates customer’s needs and expectations in its offerings. The Research and Development department of Samsung takes the lead in understanding customer demands and competitors’ current and future acts. The company, in an attempt to deliver differentiation along with a rapid response to the customers’ need for having a drawing and hand-writing feature in their smart phones, merged the characteristics of a phone and a tablet and introduced Samsung Note which was highly applauded and accepted. The R & D department found out the ne ed of Asians to have such a device to support their needs with ease. Samsung is spending a lot on Research and Development area. It has been identified that it is spending 5.7 percent of its revenues on R&D which is 3.3% higher than Apple. This clearly shows Samsung’s aggressive attempt to innovate and avail the first movers’ advantage. 3.3 Differentiation Strategy The distinct product