Methods on How Fatwa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1363 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Level High school Did you like this example? Methods on How Fatwa was proposed and gazetted. Generally fatwa means answers of muslim scholars based on their knowledge on the primary source of Islamic law on a particular issue that is raised. Mainly it is to resolve an issue when there is a doubt on Islamic religious practice that is permissible(halal) or forbidden (haram)[1]. Therefore, there are some methods in publishing and binding of the fatwa in Malaysia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Methods on How Fatwa" essay for you Create order The gazetted fatwa are to be obeyed and abide by all the Muslims in that state and also the Syariah Court for that state.[2] The first step to be taken, before making a fatwa is to form a Fatwa Committee that is in charge for the making of a fatwa. The fatwa committee stands by Mufti as the Chairman, Deputy Mufti as the State Legal Advisor, two members of the Majlis Agama Islam, an officer from the Jabatan Agama Islam of each state, two to seven people that is fit and are well appointed by the Majlis Agama Islam and lastly an officer from the Mufti Department who perform his task as the secretary of committee. The second step, secretarial duties is the responsibility to handle the call or to invite every member of the council for bermuzakarah. Each of them will be called if there is a new issue that has arisen and will then return to their respective states to take decisions as a result of discussions at national level. The Secretariat is also listed in this organization and it is the responsibility of the Secretariat and International Affairs Division, JAKIM[3]. Before the committee decides on a fatwa the Mufti would be carrying out a research and a paper works to determine the purpose, the bindingness of the fatwa towards Muslims and to make sure that it is not overruling the primary source of Islamic Law that is Al-Quran and Sunnah. In National level, the procedures of making a fatwa is different compare to state level. It involves a fatwa for a nation and the states that are to be placed under the jurisdiction of the national fatwa. In addition, there has been a Kebangssan Fatwa Council to monitor and coordinate the Fatwa Committee states, especially in a big problem or issue involving the question of the country or the faith of Muslims themselves. Among the issues that have been settled or decided is whether lawful or unlawful Amanah Saham Malaysia, holding al-Arqam, the anti hadith and other. The third step, is the consideration of Fatwa Commi ttee on the Fatwa that has been decided. Here each member will use their expertise in finding the answer to the case or issue arising under the laws of productive resources such as the Quran, the Sunnah, consensus, qiyas and ijtihad(personal legal reasoning)[4]. After the consideration of the Fatwa Committee, the Mufti on behalf of the Committee will bring the decide Fatwa to the Majlis Agama of each state to be discussed or debated with each member of the council at the state level. Even though there is a fatwa that was decided by the National Fatwa Committee, but still there is a tendency for each state to amend the text of the fatwa after it was brought back to the states respectively, and are determined by the state fatwa committee respectively. Despite the fatwa made ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹at the national level is a decision of the majority of the mufti who is a member, but the changes still occur when it is discussed a t the state level even if the fatwa is a majority decision of the mufti. The state that is chosen to do a research on the Fatwa is Selangor[5]. Therefore, after the Majlis had discussed about the Fatwa Majlis Agama Islam have to get the state Sultan royal assent to be gazetted or to be published. In addition, before the royal assent of the Sultan the Conference of Rulers must be agree on the Fatwa that has been proposed by the Mufti. In the state of Kelantan and Johor Bahru the Sultan royal assent is a necessary to be gazetted. However, in the Federal Territories the Mufti can publish the Fatwa in the Government Gazette without the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong royal assent. After the royal assent of the Sultan was given, the Majlis Agama Islam informs the State Government about the Fatwa and the Fatwa will be published in the Government Gazette. The Fatwa published will be binding to the all Muslims in the particular state. Thus, the Fatwa is more binding and persuasive the Muslims i n Selangor. The Enactment states that all Muslims duty is to abide and uphold the Fatwa unless he is permitted by Hukum Syarak to expelled himself from the Fatwa because of his personal observance.[6] Setting fatwa specified in the law that has been decided based on the evidence before it is no longer necessary qatie someone refers fatwa. This is because the law void fatwa clearly determined based on the proposition that qatie more clearly and completely. In addition, the ruling determined only referred to problems that there is no law. This is an effort to take care of issuing fatwas and human betterment that is not too inconvenient. Therefore, the determination of the law to be respected and cared for in order to be a reference to the next generation[7]. Other than that, the Fatwa Committee is expected to follow the tenets of the Syafie School. However if the Committee believes that following the tenets of the Syafie school would lead to a situation repugnant to public in terests, the Fatwa Committee can turn to the tenets of the Hanafi, Maliki or Hanbali schools[8]. In the case of a conflict of fatwa opinions involving two people of mufti or more in the same problem, the committee members will choose a fatwa that was decided by the mufti of the more pious and devout. When the two muftis have similarities in these properties must also follow the fatwa that was decided by the mufti of the more assertive and exercise the care and caution in issuing fatwa. If both are the same curiosity in these matters, then can choose what fatwa to be followed[9]. In another case, when a mufti who follow his fatwa has died, his position will be replaced by another new mufti. When he issued a fatwa new and different turns with the fatwa was made by the previous mufti of the same problem, then the scholars motion has different opinions on the fatwa which should be followed. For those who think the law should follow the ruling made ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹by the mufti who had died, they reasoned that the law is not void because the deceased was not a fatwa mufti. While that opinion needs to follow the law made ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹by the new mufti argued that there is at that time was more aware of the environment and current needs. This is because the life or death of a mufti is not a major factor either for use or leave the fatwa[10]. Tentative conclusion, we are able to know that the institution of fatwa is an institution that is very useful and indispensable in solving all the problems of society whether it is big or small problems, fatwa institutions will also issue a new law for the problem. Therefore, institutions should always be lifted fatwa country status as an important institution in the country and it also shows the importance of a country with a majority Muslim community to keep sharia law in their lives. [1] https://aliran.com/archives/monthly/2005a/2h.html [2] Apa Itu Fatwa? (E-Fatwa ) https://www.e-fatwa.gov.my/apa-itu-fatwa accessed 9 August 2014 [3] https://usulfiqh20102011.blogspot.com/2011/04/fatwa-prosedur-dan-pengamalannya-di.html [4] https://usulfiqh1.blogspot.com/2010/04/prosedur-pengeluaran-fatwa-peringkat.html [5]https://www.ikim.gov.my/index.php/en/utusan-malaysia/6750-prosedur-sebelum-mufti-keluarkan-fatwa [6] Understanding fatwa in the Malaysian context. (2005). Retrieved July 26, 2014, from https://aliran.com/archives/monthly/2005a/2h.html [7] https://www.ukm.my/juum/JUUM 2006/Prosedur_Mengeluar_dan_Menguatkuasa_Fatwa [8] https://www.e-fatwa.gov.my [9] https://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PR11y=2004dt=0102pub=Utusan_Malaysiasec=Rencanapg=re_02.htm [10] https://usulfiqh1.blogspot.com/2010/04/prosedur-pengeluaran-fatwa-peringkat.html

Tricing Pendants and Lifeboat Rigging

A tricing pendant is part of the rigging that allows lifeboats to be launched. The system to launch a lifeboat is complex and the tricing pendants play an essential role if the ship is heeling or laid over because of damage. The Mechanics of Launching a Lifeboat To launch a lifeboat the boats must first be freed from the cradle straps called Gripes. (Insert nautical gripe joke here.) Next small twin cranes called Davits are brought into the launch/recovery position. Each Davit is equipped with a powerful winch and emergency manual brake. These Davits are fitted with hoisting lines called Falls which attach to the lifeboat harness which is in turn fastened to the gunwales on opposite sides at the fore and aft of the boat. Lines attached to the bow and stern of the lifeboat are called Frapping Lines and are used to control the movement of the boat as it is lowered or raised. An additional line is attached to the bow of the lifeboat to keep it near the ship after all other rigging has been released. This line is called a Sea Painter. Under the boat, usually attached to the keel, is a device called a McCluny Hook which allows lines attached under the boat to be released remotely. The lines attached to the McCluny Hook are routed to the Tricing Pendants which are an apparatus used to pull the lifeboat to the embarkation station when the ship is at an abnormal angle. If lifeboats were lowered while the vessel is heeling over from the damage they will either slide down the side if they are on the high side or enter the water far away from the embarkation station if they are on the low side. Its very easy to be injured in a lifeboat. The Costa Concordia wreck off the coast of Italy is a prime example of the dangers of evacuating by lifeboat. At least two people died on the wreck because they attempted to swim to the rocky shore rather than risk the poorly deployed lifeboats. A tricing pendant is a device that is made up of three main components. The length of line or chain that is attached to the keel of the lifeboat via a McCluny Hook, a block and tackle system that increases mechanical force, and the lines and often winches that draw the lifeboat close enough for passengers to get aboard. Lifeboat Drills Under SOLAS There is an ongoing controversy surrounding SOLAS Conventions as they pertain to lifeboat training and drills. For safety reasons, SOLAS compliant vessels cannot have occupied lifeboats during launch or recovery. Lowering manned lifeboats is very hazardous to everyone involved and there are many deaths and injuries from lifeboat drills. Its a very different experience to lower a lifeboat with operators than it is to lower an empty lifeboat. This is true for the crew who will ride down in an emergency situation and for the crew running the Davit winches above and tricing pendant gear at the embarkation station. SOLAS is probably right to try and limit training injuries, but without realistic training that is used for emergency evacuation of the vessel, there is little hope for competent launch and recovery of lifeboats in a bad situation. Some ships continue to carry out lifeboat drills with a mix of skirting the rules and using allowed activities to replace prohibited training. This will result in some skills but not the best skills. To have the best training for your crew they must be exposed to the most realistic training available and that means manned lifeboat drills. If SOLAS is to be amended it will take many voices to overcome what is generally seen as a hindrance to safety training. Speak up directly to the IMO or email here and we will pass the comments along.

Causes of Tsunamis Free Essays

sunami: the Great Waves Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, â€Å"harbor wave. † Represented by two characters, the top character, â€Å"tsu,† means harbor, while the bottom character, â€Å"nami,† means â€Å"wave. † In the past, tsunamis were sometimes referred to as â€Å"tidal waves† by the general public, and as â€Å"seismic sea waves† by the scientific community. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Tsunamis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term â€Å"tidal wave† is a misnomer; although a tsunami’s impact upon a coastline is dependent upon the tidal level at the time a tsunami strikes, tsunamis are unrelated to the tides. Tides result from the imbalanced, extraterrestrial, gravitational influences of the moon, sun, and planets. The term â€Å"seismic sea wave† is also misleading. â€Å"Seismic† implies an earthquake-related generation mechanism, but a tsunami can also be caused by a nonseismic event, such as a landslide or meteorite impact. Tsunamis are a threat to life and property to anyone living near the ocean. For example, in 1992 and 1993 over 2,000 people were killed by tsunamis occurring in Nicaragua, Indonesia and Japan. Property damage was nearly one billion dollars. The 1960 Chile Earthquake generated a Pacific-wide tsunami that caused widespread death and destruction in Chile, Hawaii, Japan and other areas in the Pacific. Large tsunamis have been known to rise over 100 feet, while tsunamis 10 to 20 feet high can be very destructive and cause many deaths and injuries. What Cause Tsunamis? Tsunamis, also called seismic sea waves or, incorrectly, tidal waves, generally are caused by earthquakes, less commonly by submarine landslides, infrequently by submarine volcanic eruptions and very rarely by a large meteorite impact in the ocean. Submarine volcanic eruptions have the potential to produce truly awesome tsunami waves. The Great Krakatau Volcanic Eruption of 1883 generated giant waves reaching heights of 125 feet above sea-level, killing thousands of people and wiping out numerous coastal villages. Ring of Fire About two-thirds of the earth is covered by the waters of the four oceans. The Pacific Ocean is the world’s largest, covering more than one third of the total surface area of our planet. The Pacific Ocean is surrounded by a series of mountain chains, deep ocean trenches and island arcs, sometimes called a â€Å"ring of fire. † The great size of the Pacific Ocean and the large earthquakes associated with the â€Å"ring of fire† combine to produce deadly tsunamis. Tsunamis on the Move Wave Height and Water Depth In the open ocean a tsunami is less than a few feet high at the surface, but its wave height increases rapidly in shallow water. Tsunamis wave energy extends from the surface to the bottom in the deepest waters. As the tsunami attacks the coastline, the wave energy is compressed into a much shorter distance creating destructive, live-threatening waves. In the deep ocean, destructive tsunamis can be small–often only a few feet or less in height–and cannot be seen nor can they be felt by ships. But, as the tsunami reaches shallower coastal waters, wave height can increase rapidly. Sometimes, coastal waters are drawn out into the ocean just before the tsunami strikes. When this occurs, more shoreline may be exposed than even at the lowest tide. This major withdrawal of the sea should be taken as a warning of the tsunami waves that will follow How Fast? Where the ocean is over 20,000 feet deep, unnoticed tsunami waves can travel at the speed of a commercial jet plane, nearly 600 miles per hour. They can move from one side of the Pacific Ocean to the other in less than a day. This great speed makes it important to be aware of the tsunami as soon as it is generated. Scientists can predict when a tsunami will arrive since the speed of the waves varies with the square root of the water depth. Tsunamis travel much slower in shallower coastal waters where their wave heights begin to increase dramatically. How Big? Offshore and coastal features can determine the size and impact of tsunami waves. Reefs, bays, entrances to rivers, undersea features and the slop of the beach all help to modify the tsunami as it attacks the coastline. When the tsunami reaches the coast and moves inland, the water level can rise many feet. In extreme cases, water level has risen to more than 50 feet for tsunamis of distant origin and over 100 feet for tsunami waves generated near the earthquake’s epicenter. The first wave may not be the largest in the series of waves. One coastal community may see no damaging wave activity while in another community destructive waves can be large and violent. The flooding can extend inland by 1000 feet or more, covering large expanses of land with water and debris. How to cite Causes of Tsunamis, Papers