Organisations & Behaviour Learning Organisations Essay

Organisations & Behaviour Learning Organisations - Essay Example A learning organisation intentionally designs the structures and strategies in order to enhance and maximise the learning of its employees. (Dodgson, 1993) With the changing environment of business and advancing technology the notion of the Learning organisations has gained much more importance. Learning has become an important characteristic of an organisation in order to compete in the global business. Learning is a volatile and dynamic concept through which the process of updating in an organisation takes place. With the growing size of the corporations and continuous innovations in the field of technology the individual learning has transformed to the notion of the organisational learning. The notion of learning plays an important part in the progress of an individual just like that the learning on the organisational level plays an important part in the growth of an organisation. The organisational group of people can define the organisational learning as the sum of the learning activities of the individual, which takes the shape of combined effort. (Dodgson, 1993; Fiol & Lyles, 1985). An organisational learning program should be designed in the way that it is not lost when the members of the organisation leave the organisation. ... ive environment of the business in today's high pace changing business environment enhancing the learning capabilities of business is the solution of half of the problems. (Prahalad & Hamel, 1994). Equally important is the creation of an unlearning organisation which essentially means that the organisation must forget some of its past. Thus, learning occurs amidst such conflicting factors (Dodgson, 1993). Most of the leading companies of the world like Shell were among the first to embrace the notion of learning. In Shell Arie de Geus described learning as the only strategy to compete effectively. Hence learning organisation can be defined as "The essence of organisational learning is the organisation's ability to use the amazing mental capacity of all its members to create the kind of processes that will improve its own" (Dixon, 1994) "A Learning Company is an organisation that facilitates the learning of all its members and continually transforms itself" (Pedler, Burgoyne & Boydell, 1991) "Organisations where people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where people are continually learning to learn together" (Peter Senge, 1990) The following are the important characteristics of the learning organisations: Learning organisations adopts the external environments. They are flexible and continue the process of change. Depicts the combination of individual and collective learning. Keeps on learning with the outcomes. Learning can be done in two ways. 1) Single loop 2) Double loop In single loop learning people learn in a way prescribed to them by the organisation. In double loop learning people, people not only learn in a

Argentinas economic status Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Argentinas economic status - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that with 23 states and also an autonomous city, Argentina had been the second largest country in Latin America. Covering a total area of 2766890 square kilometers the country stands as the eight largest nations measured 30th in terms of population. The country had a fairly high per capita income in 1920 but suffered from severe political instability during the 80s due to the  economic crisis. The country was under 22 years of military rule and after that changed 25 presidents. Currently, the country is recovering from a severe downturn that it suffered owing to the 2001-02 economic crises. Reportedly the country has defaulted on debt in 2005 and then made a debt repayment of $9.5 million to IMF in January 2006. IMF even questions Argentina’s accounting measures and credibility of data especially the one concerned with inflation. Keeping this at backdrop the paper intends to present a study of Argentina’s economic status by looking upon its past history of economic crisis and also examining the extent of recovery from such a crisis currently. The country of Argentina situated in Latin America had been going through a political turmoil for many years along with disastrous economic conditions. Economic crisis followed by debt crisis has been piling up one after another. Currently, the country is facing the problems of high prices and persistent double-digit inflation.... To test such a hypothesis we first consider a brief history of the past economic problems and then address the current economic problem through various findings and analysis. We also look upon the technical and financial assistance provided by the developmental organizations World Bank and IMF. Literature review Several economists have analyzed and performed research studies on Argentina’s economic condition. A research study has been performed to get an idea of poverty prevailing in Argentina due to such economic conditions. The data has been collected from EPH which is the main household survey of Argentina. Real income has been taken as an indicator of poverty and inequality. Fall in real income (8%) for the years 1992-96 comes along with the increase in GDP (8.9%) for the same years. Such a discrepancy reveals an overestimation of GDP in the data provided by local Argentinean surveys. Some unaccounted income such as rent and capital income might also be a cause for such a dubious result (Gasparini). Growth incidence curves have also been used for studying the changes in income pattern. The curves have been below the horizontal axis and positively sloped. High inequality in income is revealed from such a study of income changing patterns (Gasparini). Poverty status of Argentina has been studied using poverty lines with three poverty indicators namely the headcount ratio, the poverty income gap and FGT. Value of poverty lines have been expressed in local currency units. The data has collected for the period 1992-06. Such a study has shown that although Argentina has somewhat recovered from the 2001-02 crisis it has not been able to eradicate poverty. With the crisis there has been

Summary and Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary and Impact - Essay Example tudy shows that brain activity visibly increases in the process of nondirective meditation; however, it remains almost the same during concentrative meditation. Researchers explain these results by the fact that nondirective meditation allows more space for different thoughts and feelings in it which concentrative meditation is restricting them. Only 3 researchers involved in this study practice meditation to cope with daily stress. Stress follows people everywhere and they need to cope with it somehow. Since this article proves that meditation works, I can try to practice it in my daily life to come down during critical moments. I find this article useful because I often suffer from own inability to deal with stressful events effectively. As a result, I experience problems with falling asleep or feel nervous during the day. Out of two types of meditation described in the article, I would like to practice concentrative meditation first because it seems to be more understandable for me. Perhaps, meditation or simple concentration on breathing will improve my coping

Essay Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Questions - Essay Example The resultant turnovers are as a result of lack of low income growth that is contemporaneous and is not found in government change propensity that is also contemporaneously increasing. (Russett, Starr and Kinsella) Economic growth results to a middle class that is educated and entrepreneurial which soon or later strives for control over the country’s fate. This ends in the acceptance and giving in by the repressive government in place. The progression in most of the countries that are democratic is not pegged to economic growth after their democratization. Among democracies that are already existing and established, a high growth rate is as a result of stability as a result of liberal democracy. Greater prosperity alone doesn’t result to political freedom of a greater degree. However, the benefits of economic development are reaped through invasion of pressure to political control relaxation. The connection between liberal democracy that is emerging and economic growth lies in sophistication growth of authoritarian governments. Democracy has a minimal impact on economical success to countries that practice it. All the successes in economy are propagated under the political regime that is undemocratic. Many of them developed as a result of state capitalism and centralization which is different from economic liberalization. This is as a result of policy which directly achieves rapid growth in third world countries. This is done through the creation of protective tariffs around the country’s nascent ship-building and automotive industries. Economies succeed through economic liberation adoption, this process usually occurs under political system that is authoritarian. This type of system always associates to military coup in democratic overthrow of elected government. Democratic states that are developing are usually undermined by economic liberation. This is because of the

Results of the Crusades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Results of the Crusades - Essay Example However, the main motivation behind the crusade of Muslims was the urge to spread their religion all over the world. This Muslim crusade started even before the crusade of Christianity in Europe. For instance, many Muslim clerics, scholars and activists were indulged in the crusade of Islamic group. The Christianity crusade was a failure and it weakened the position of Pope as a religious leader. The crusade degraded the strength of feudal nobility and decreased the power of kings of Europe. The Byzantine Empire was weakened by the fall of Constantinople and many knights got killed in the crusade. However in the crusade, the Chrisitans got advantages from the trade side. Due to crusade Europeans could avail themselves of cloth, spices and fruits from South Asian countries. This aspect was a benefit to both Muslim and Christians. According to the historical records, Islamic and Christian crusade fall on equal stands in regard to their benefit. However Islamic crusade success was very high compared to Christianity crusade because the war worn out empires of Byzantines and Persia was in power vaccum and Islam won these regions with less

Effects of Ergonomics and Health and Safety on Employee Productivity Dissertation

Effects of Ergonomics and Health and Safety on Employee Productivity in Hotels - Dissertation Example Many have had to reduce costs drastically. One of the highest costs for any employer is staffing and a reduction in staff numbers has become unavoidable. With a reduced number of employees and a larger work load, a high level of labour productivity is essential. Some may argue that the level of productivity from an employee depends on their attitude towards the job, the job rewards, and the way in which a manager motivates the employee, all of which have been proven to be true. But today, employers are under more pressure to ensure the maximum level of productivity is achieved which creates the need for new ways to achieve this. Fraser, 1994, makes the point that the level of work productivity depends on basic human abilities, enhanced by education, training, selection, and direction. Education and training transform an individual’s basic abilities into skills. Selection and direction ensure that these skills are matched to the most appropriate tasks. But if the tasks, the wor king environment and job factors are not suited to the worker, the resulting mismatch can lead to poor work quality, worker fatigue, and reduced productivity. Traditionally, projects focusing on the improvement of the working environment were based on energy-saving. ... Productivity can be defined as â€Å"output to the labour hours used in the production of that output† (Bureau of Labour Statistics). In more simplified terms it is a measurement of work produced in a given time. Attention to productivity levels is particularly important in Ireland as the cost of labour is very high in comparison to other countries. Hotel managers must ensure that the high rate of pay is justified. An emphasis on productivity in hotels over the past few years with the economic decline has meant that employees have had to work harder and some employees have lost their jobs. An article by James R. Brown of Cornell University suggests that a hotel's size, its service orientation, its ownership arrangement, and its management arrangement affect productivity. His research found that large hotels use their labour more productively and generate the most income from their capital investments. Upscale hotels are inclined to be more productive than mid-market hotels, wh ile hotels operated by branded management companies use their capital and labour resources more efficiently than do hotels operated independently or by independent management companies. Finally, company owned properties tend to employ their labour more productively than do franchised hotels. (Brown, 1999). Currently hotels in Ireland are focusing on reducing labour costs while maintaining sales. Concentrating on the reduction of labour costs as a percentage of sales may achieve short term productivity targets but can also jeopardise long term viability due to the erosion of service standards. Poor service affects customer satisfaction, which in turn influences sales and productivity, thereby creating a cycle of poor productivity. (Kimes, 2001). Measuring

Youth during the Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Youth during the Great Depression - Essay Example al. 670-671). There is little doubt that experiences of the rail riding youths of the Depression were impacted and influenced but those experiences in a number of different ways; some positive and some negative. On October 29, 1929 the Stock market crashed. This day is often called â€Å"Black Tuesday.† This crash did not just affect the United States, but multiple countries and economics all over the world. Herbert Hoover held the office of United States President when the Depression began and despite his dedication to optimism, conditions were only getting worse. Many Americans blamed Hoover for the Depression as a whole. Of course, this historical event cannot be blamed on any one person, but a number of economic variables, financial aspects, and other contributions. Because unemployment was so extreme in so many parts of the country that many people became almost entirely migrant; walking, hitchhiking, or riding train cars. As can be seen above, people were essential living like refugees all over the nation. Whenever news of jobs was heard, sometimes, hundreds of people would arrive to apply. The Human traffic moving from one place to another was immense. Approximately 250, 000 teenagers, mostly male, hit the road and rode the rails The 2009 film â€Å"Riding the Rails† interviews, discusses, and delves into the experiences of the teens during the Depression through the stories of the men and women who lived it. These stories have the ability to make you think at the time, the culture, and hardships experienced by the generations before us and how very different the cultural mentality is today. Again there were many reasons that the youths of the Depression left home and found themselves riding the rails. Clarence Lee’s father approached him and explained that this there simply was not enough to feed him anymore; he left home the next day. Peggy DeHart and her traveling companion, Rene Champion, hitchhiked across the country and occasionally road